Apple Watch wristband sensor claims to detect potassium in your blood — without needles

The AliveCor KardiaBand, a sensor compatible with the Apple Watch, can detect dangerous levels of potassium in blood with 94 percent accuracy. Though the US Food and Drug Administration has not yet approved KardiaBand for this purpose, it’s an interesting step forward considering that, right now, the condition is usually caught using invasive blood tests that use needles.

By Angela Chen, The Verge March 12, 2018

The KardiaBand by AliveCor is a sensor that snaps into a slot on the watchband. The user touches the sensor, which then takes a reading of the electrical activity of the heart, called an electrocardiogram (EKG). This reading can reveal abnormal heart rhythm and atrial fibrillation (AFib), and the sensor sends the information to an app. Yesterday, at the American College of Cardiology conference in Florida, AliveCor CEO Vic Gundotra presented research done with the Mayo Clinic showing that the same technology can detect too-high levels of potassium in the blood, called hyperkalemia.

Hyperkalemia can be caused by, among other things, diabetes, dehydration, and chronic kidney disease. It can lead to kidney and heart failure and in general doesn’t cause obvious symptoms — meaning you could have the condition and not know it.

Too much potassium interferes with the electrical activity of cells, including heart cells. This means that it’s dangerous for the heart — but it also means that high potassium levels change the electrical reading of the heart, which means that a certain EKG pattern can reveal the presence of too much potassium, according to Gundotra. AliveCor worked with the Mayo Clinic to develop a new algorithm for the KardiaBand that can analyze EKG data and detect whether the user has hyperkalemia. The dataset included 2 million EKGs linked to 4 million potassium values, which were collected over 23 years.

To train AI with these data points, the team took the dataset and divided it into parts. They used some of the data to train the network. Basically, they told it which EKG reading patterns showed hyperkalemia, and let the AI learn for itself how to spot the pattern. Once the training was complete, the team tested the AI on a different part of the data to see if, given just the EKG, they could tell if it revealed hyperkalemia. It was about 90 to 94 percent accurate.

Some previous research has suggested that EKGs may not be a good way to diagnose hyperkalemia, but, to be fair, that research was very limited and tested two human physicians. Another study suggested that EKG readings may not be sensitive enough to catch everyone with hyperkalemia and that the condition doesn’t always cause a different EKG reading.

“We don’t know the number, but I can tell you that people do have hyperkalemia with a normal EKG,” says William J. Brady. a professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. But in general, he says, hyperkalemia will produce a clear abnormality in the ECG, and he has initiated treatments in patients based on the EKG before getting a blood test back to confirm. “In other words, I put a fair amount of trust and faith in the ECG in this regard,” he adds, though novice physicians or those unused to reading EKGs will of course find this type of interpretation more difficult.

It’ll be a while before we see this new technology become common. Last November, the FDA cleared the KardiaBand as the first medical device that works with the Apple Watch, but Gundotra stresses that the results don’t mean that the KardiaBand is FDA cleared for diagnosing hyperkalemia yet. They’ll be working on that and building more clinical trials.

Update March 12, 5:30PM ET: This post was updated to include context from William Brady, a professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia School of Medicine.

Source The Verge

The ability of physicians to predict hyperkalemia from the ECG, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM, Slovis BS. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Nov;20(11):1229-32. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81476-3

Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia, Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Mar;3(2):324-30. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04611007. Epub 2008 Jan 30.

Smartphone-based Arrhythmia Detection: Should we encourage patients to use the ECG in their pocket? Ryan D White MS and Greg Flaker MD. J Atr Fibrillation. 2017 Apr-May; 9(6): 1605. Published online 2017 Apr 30. doi: 10.4022/jafib.1605

Assessment of Remote Heart Rhythm Sampling Using the AliveCor Heart Monitor to Screen for Atrial Fibrillation: The REHEARSE-AF Study, Halcox JPJ, Wareham K, Cardew A, Gilmore 2, Barry JP, Phillips C, Gravenor MB. Circulation. 2017 Nov 7;136(19):1784-1794. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030583. Epub 2017 Aug 28.

Also see
FDA clears first EKG reader for Apple Watch in The Verge
mSTOPS: Wearable Patch ECG Detects More AF Than Routine Care in Medscape
New Studies: Alivecor’s Kardiaband Coupled With Apple Watch Detects AFib, Potassium Levels Accurately in The Medical Futurist
Can Alivecor’s mobile ECG device combined with its Kardia Pro cloud-based platform replace standard long term rhythm monitors? in The Skeptical Cardiologist
Cleveland Clinic Study Affirms Accurate Detection of Atrial Fibrillation by KardiaBand for Apple Watch in PR Newswire